ODIHR highlighted “concerning instances of disparaging rhetoric and smearing remarks” directed at activists and journalists, sometimes by politicians or officials. Defenders working on anti-corruption, migration, the environment, and sexual and reproductive rights were singled out as particular targets. Women activists reported sexist harassment, including being spat on and physically confronted, while threats often extended to family members.

The hostile climate is linked to the 2021 public inquiry into the assassination of journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia, which found that state inaction and vilification of journalists had created a “climate of impunity.” Two years later, ODIHR says many of the inquiry’s recommendations, particularly around media freedom and journalist protection, remain unimplemented.

Journalists reported attacks by trolls, threats on social media, attempts to damage reputations via spoofing and smear campaigns, threatening phone calls, and legal intimidation from law firms, sometimes forcing articles to be removed. While defamation was decriminalised in 2018, loopholes remain and proposed anti-SLAPP reforms have been criticised as inadequate.

Freedom of expression and access to information are also restricted. Journalists described long and costly battles to obtain public records, while Malta’s whistle-blower framework was described as ineffective due to fear of retaliation. ODIHR urges a review of the Freedom of Information Act and genuine public consultation on media reforms.

Civil society activists also reported intimidation when staging protests, including the repeated removal of banners and memorials related to Daphne Caruana Galizia.

On the positive side, ODIHR noted strong political backing for LGBTI rights, generally respected freedom of assembly, and some NGO support through tax incentives and secondments.

The report calls for urgent action to restore trust and create a safer environment for human rights defenders, recommending:

• Public recognition of defenders’ legitimate role

• Stronger police protection protocols

• Comprehensive anti-SLAPP legislation

• Greater transparency in access to information

• Genuine consultation on media reforms

“Spurious lawsuits, threats and disparaging rhetoric not only endanger individuals but weaken democracy itself,” the report warns. ODIHR says it is ready to support Malta in implementing reforms, but stresses that political will is essential.

Malta now faces a pivotal moment: without urgent reforms and genuine political will, human rights defenders and journalists will continue to work under threat. The OSCE report makes it clear, protecting those who hold power to account isn’t just about safety, it’s about safeguarding democracy itself.

What can Malta do today to ensure journalists and human rights defenders can work safely and freely?